Sunday, October 19, 2008

Pros and Cons of Communism and Capitalism

Pros and Cons of Capitalism

Let's read this one page discussion and summarise the arguments.

Saturday, October 18, 2008

Das Kapital - Karl Marx Full Contents

Karl Marx
Capital Volume One


Full Contents Listing

CAPITAL

COMPLETE TABLE OF CONTENTS


PREFACES AND AFTERWORDS

1867: Dedication to Wilhelm Wolff
1867: Preface to the First German Edition
1872: Preface to the French Edition
1873: Afterword to the Second German Edition
1875: Afterword to the French Edition
1883: Preface to the Third German Edition
1886: Preface to the English Edition
1890: Preface to the Fourth German Edition
1867: Marx's letter to Engels

Part I. COMMODITIES AND MONEY

Ch. 1: Commodities

Section 1 — The Two Factors of a Commodity: Use-Value and Value (the Substance of Value and the Magnitude of Value)
Section 2 — The Two-fold Character of the Labour Embodied in Commodities
Section 3 — The Form of Value or Exchange-Value

A. Elementary or Accidental Form of Value

1. The Two Poles of the Expression of Value: Relative Form and Equivalent Form
2. The Relative Form of Value

a. The Nature and Import of this Form
b. Quantitative Determination of Relative Value

3. The Equivalent Form of Value
4. The Elementary Form of Value Considered as a Whole

B. Total or Expanded Form of Value

1. The Expanded Relative Form of Value
2. The Particular Equivalent Form
3. Defects of the Total or Expanded Form of Value

C. The General Form of Value

1. The Altered Character of the Form of Value
2. The Interdependent Development of the Relative Form of Value, and of the Equivalent Form
3. Transition from the General Form of Value to the Money-Form

D. The Money-Form

Section 4 — The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret thereof

Ch. 2: Exchange

Ch. 3: Money, or the Circulation of Commodities

Section 1 — The Measure of Values
Section 2 — The Medium of Circulation

A. The Metamorphosis of Commodities
B. The Currency of Money
C. Coin and Symbols of Value

Section 3 — Money

A. Hoarding
B. Means of Payment
C. Universal Money

Part II. THE TRANSFORMATION OF MONEY INTO CAPITAL

Ch. 4: The General Formula for Capital

Ch. 5: Contradictions in the General Formula of Capital

Ch. 6: The Buying and Selling of Labour-Power

Part III. THE PRODUCTION OF ABSOLUTE SURPLUS-VALUE

Ch. 7: The Labour-Process and the Process of Producing Surplus-Value

Section 1 — The Labour-Process or the Production of Use-Values
Section 2 — The Production of Surplus-Value

Ch. 8: Constant Capital and Variable Capital

Ch. 9: The Rate of Surplus-Value

Section 1 — The Degree of Exploitation of Labour-Power
Section 2 — The Representation of the Components of the Value of the Product by Corresponding Proportional Parts of the Product itself
Section 3 — Senior's "Last Hour"
Section 4 — Surplus-Produce

Ch. 10: The Working-Day

Section 1 — The Limits of the Working-Day
Section 2 — The Greed for Surplus-Labour. Manufacturer and Boyard
Section 3 — Branches of English Industry without Legal Limits to Exploitation
Section 4 — Day and Night Work. The Relay System
Section 5 — The Struggle for a Normal Working-Day. Compulsory Laws for the Extension of the Working-Day from the Middle of the 14th to the End of the 17th Century
Section 6 — The Struggle for the Normal Working-Day. Compulsory Limitation by Law of the Working-Time. The English Factory Acts, 1833 to 1864
Section 7 — The Struggle for the Normal Working-Day. Reaction of the English Factory Acts on Other Countries

Ch. 11: Rate and Mass of Surplus-Value

Part IV. PRODUCTION OF RELATIVE SURPLUS-VALUE

Ch. 12: The Concept of Relative Surplus-Value

Ch. 13: Co-operation

Ch. 14: Division of Labour and Manufacture

Section 1 — Two-fold Origin of Manufacture
Section 2 — The Detail Labourer and his Implements
Section 3 — The Two Fundamental Forms of Manufacture: Heterogeneous Manufacture, Serial Manufacture
Section 4 — Division of Labour in Manufacture, and Division of Labour in Society
Section 5 — The Capitalistic Character of Manufacture

Ch. 15: Machinery and Modern Industry

Section 1 — The Development of Machinery
Section 2 — The Value Transferred by Machinery to the Product
Section 3 — The Proximate Effects of Machinery on the Workman

A. Appropriation of Supplementary Labour-Power by Capital. The Employment of Women and Children
B. Prolongation of the Working-Day
C. Intensification of Labour

Section 4 — The Factory
Section 5 — The Strife Between Workman and Machine
Section 6 — The Theory of Compensation as Regards the Workpeople Displaced by Machinery
Section 7 — Repulsion and Attraction of Workpeople by the Factory System. Crises in the Cotton Trade
Section 8 — Revolution Effected in Manufacture, Handicrafts, and Domestic Industry by Modern Industry

A. Overthrow of Co-operation Based on Handicraft and on the Division of Labour
B. Reaction of the Factory System on Manufacture and Domestic Industries
C. Modern Manufacture
D. Modern Domestic Industry
E. Passage of Modern Manufacture, and Domestic Industry into Modern Mechanical Industry. The Hastening of this Revolution by the Application of the Factory Acts to those Industries

Section 9 — The Factory Acts. Sanitary and Educational Clauses of the same. Their General Extension in England
Section 10 — Modern Industry and Agriculture

Part V. THE PRODUCTION OF ABSOLUTE AND OF RELATIVE SURPLUS-VALUE

Ch. 16: Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value

Ch. 17: Changes of Magnitude in the Price of Labour-Power and in Surplus-Value

Section 1. Length of the Working-Day and Intensity of Labour Constant. Productiveness of Labour Variable
Section 2. Working-Day Constant. Productiveness of Labour Constant. Intensity of Labour Variable
Section 3. Productiveness and Intensity of Labour Constant. Length of the Working-Day Variable
Section 4. Simultaneous Variations in the Duration, Productiveness, and Intensity of Labour

A. Diminishing Productiveness of Labour with a Simultaneous Lengthening of the Working-Day
B. Increasing Intensity and Productiveness of Labour with Simultaneous Shortening of the Working-Day

Ch. 18: Various Formula for the Rate of Surplus-Value

Part VI. WAGES

Ch. 19: The Transformation of the Value (and Respective Price) of Labour-Power into Wages

Ch. 20: Time-Wages

Ch. 21: Piece-Wages

Ch. 22: National Differences of Wages

Part VII. THE ACCUMULATION OF CAPITAL

Ch. 23: Simple Reproduction

Ch. 24: Conversion of Surplus-Value into Capital

Section I — Capitalist Production on a Progressively Increasing Scale. Transition of the Laws of Property that Characterise Production of Commodities into Laws of Capitalist Appropriation
Section 2 — Erroneous Conception, by Political Economy, of Reproduction on a Progressively Increasing Scale
Section 3 — Separation of Surplus-Value into Capital and Revenue. The Abstinence Theory
Section 4 — Circumstances that, Independently of the Proportional Division of Surplus-Value into Capital and Revenue, Determine the Amount of Accumulation. Degree of Exploitation of Labour-Power. Productivity of Labour. Growing Difference in Amount Between Capital Employed and Capital Consumed. Magnitude of Capital Advanced
Section 5 — The So-Called Labour-Fund

Ch. 25: The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation

Section 1 — The Increased Demand for Labour-Power that Accompanies Accumulation, the Composition of Capital Remaining the same
Section 2 — Relative Diminution of the Variable Part of Capital Simultaneously with the Progress of Accumulation and of the Concentration that Accompanies it
Section 3 — Progressive Production of a Relative Surplus-Population or Industrial Reserve Army
Section 4 — Different Forms of the Relative Surplus-Population. The General Law of Capitalistic Accumulation
Section 5 — Illustrations of the General Law of Capitalist Accumulation

A. England from 1846-1866
B. The Badly Paid Strata of the British Industrial Class
C. The Nomad Population
D. Effect of Crises on the Best Paid Part of the Working-Class
E. The British Agricultural Proletariat
F. Ireland

Part VIII. PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION

Ch. 26: The Secret of Primitive Accumulation

Ch. 27: Expropriation of the Agricultural Population from the Land

Ch. 28: Bloody Legislation against the Expropriated, from the End of the 15th Century. Forcing down of Wages by Acts of Parliament

Ch. 29: Genesis of the Capitalist Farmer

Ch. 30: Reaction of the Agricultural Revolution on Industry. Creation of the Home-Market for Industrial Capital

Ch. 31: Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist

Ch. 32: Historical Tendency of Capitalist Accumulation

Ch. 33: The Modern Theory of Colonisation

Appendix to the First German Edition: The Value-Form

Das Kapital - Karl Marx

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover
Table of Contents
About the Book and Author
Editor's Note to the First American Edition, by Ernest Untermann
Author's Prefaces to the First and Second Editions, by Karl Marx
Editor's Prefaces to the First English Translation and Fourth German Edition, by Frederick Engels
PART I. COMMODITIES AND MONEY.
I Commodities.
II Exchange.
III Money, or the Circulation of Commodities.
PART II. THE TRANSFORMATION OF MONEY INTO CAPITAL.
IV The General Formula for Capital.
V Contradictions in the General Formula of Capital.
VI The Buying and Selling of Labour-power.
PART III. THE PRODUCTION OF ABSOLUTE SURPLUS-VALUE.
VII The Labour-process and the Process of Producing Surplus-value.
VIII Constant Capital and Variable Capital
IX The Rate of Surplus-value.
X The Working day
XI Rate and Mass of Surplus-value.
PART IV. PRODUCTION OF RELATIVE SURPLUS-VALUE.
XII The Concept of Relative Surplus-value.
XIII Co-operation.
XIV Division of Labour and Manufacture.
XV Machinery and Modern Industry.
PART V. THE PRODUCTION OF ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE SURPLUS-VALUE.
XVI Absolute and Relative Surplus-value.
XVII Changes of Magnitude in the Price of Labour-power and in Surplus-value.
XVIII Various Formulæ for the Rate of Surplus-value.
PART VI. WAGES.
XIX The Transformation of the Value (and Respectively the Price) of Labour-power Into Wages.
XX Time-wages.
XXI Piece-wages.
XXII National Differences of Wages.
PART VII. THE ACCUMULATION OF CAPITAL.
Introduction
XXIII Simple Reproduction.
XXIV Conversion of Surplus-value Into Capital.
XXV The General law of Capitalist Accumulation.
PART VIII. THE SO-CALLED PRIMITE ACCUMULATION.
XXVI The Secret of Primitive Accumulation.
XXVII Expropriation of the Agricultural Population From the Land.
XXVIII Bloody Legislation Against the Expropriated, From the end of the 15th Century. Forcing Down of Wages by Acts of Parliament.
XXIX Genesis of the Capitalist Farmer.
XXX Reaction of the Agricultural Revolution on Industry. Creation of the Home Market for Industrial Capital.
XXXI Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist.
XXXII Historical Tendency of Capitalist Accumulation.
XXXIII The Modern Theory of Colonisation.
Works and Authors quoted in "Capital"
Footnotes

Das Kapital - Karl Marx

Prefaces and Afterwords

Part I: Commodities and Money

Ch. 1: Commodities
Ch. 2: Exchange
Ch. 3: Money, or the Circulation of Commodities

Part II: The Transformation of Money in Capital

Ch. 4: The General Formula for Capital
Ch. 5: Contradictions in the General Formula of Capital
Ch. 6: The Buying and Selling of Labour-Power

Part III: The Production of Absolute Surplus-Value

Ch. 7: The Labour-Process and the Process of Producing Surplus-Value
Ch. 8: Constant Capital and Variable Capital
Ch. 9: The Rate of Surplus-Value
Ch. 10: The Working-Day
Ch. 11: Rate and Mass of Surplus-Value

Part IV: Production of Relative Surplus Value

Ch. 12: The Concept of Relative Surplus-Value
Ch. 13: Co-operation
Ch. 14: Division of Labour and Manufacture
Ch. 15: Machinery and Modern Industry

Part V: The Production of Absolute and of Relative Surplus-Value

Ch. 16: Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value
Ch. 17: Changes of Magnitude in the Price of Labour-Power and in Surplus-Value
Ch. 18: Various Formula for the Rate of Surplus-Value

Part VI: Wages

Ch. 19: The Transformation of the Value (and Respective Price) of Labour-Power into Wages
Ch. 20: Time-Wages
Ch. 21: Piece-Wages
Ch. 22: National Differences of Wages


Part VII: The Accumulation of Capital

Ch. 23: Simple Reproduction
Ch. 24: Conversion of Surplus-Value into Capital
Ch. 25: The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation

Part VIII: Primitive Accumulation

Ch. 26: The Secret of Primitive Accumulation
Ch. 27: Expropriation of the Agricultural Population from the Land
Ch. 28: Bloody Legislation against the Expropriated, from the End of the 15th Century. Forcing down of Wages by Acts of Parliament
Ch. 29: Genesis of the Capitalist Farmer
Ch. 30: Reaction of the Agricultural Revolution on Industry. Creation of the Home-Market for Industrial Capital
Ch. 31: Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist
Ch. 32: Historical Tendency of Capitalist Accumulation
Ch. 33: The Modern Theory of Colonisation

Appendix to the First German Edition: The Value-Form

See Full table of contents listing.

See original German language text at MLWerke.

Wealth of Nations - Adam Smith

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover
Table of Contents

Preface, by Edwin Cannan
Editor's Introduction, by Edwin Cannan
Volume I
Introduction and Plan of the Work
Book I: Of the Causes of Improvement...
I.1. Of the Division of Labor
I.2. Of the Principle which gives Occasion to the Division of Labour
I.3. That the Division of Labour is Limited by the Extent of the Market
I.4. Of the Origin and Use of Money
I.5. Of the Real and Nominal Price of Commodities, or of their Price in Labour, and their Price in Money
I.6. Of the Component Parts of the Price of Commodities
I.7. Of the Natural and Market Price of Commodities
I.8. Of the Wages of Labour
I.9. Of the Profits of Stock
I.10. Of Wages and Profit in the Different Employments of Labour and Stock
I.11. Of the Rent of Land
Tables for I.11.
Book II: Of the Nature, Accumulation, and Employment of Stock
II. Introduction
II.1. Of the Division of Stock
II.2. Of Money Considered as a particular Branch of the General Stock of the Society...
II.3. Of the Accumulation of Capital, or of Productive and Unproductive Labour
II.4. Of Stock Lent at Interest
II.5. Of the Different Employment of Capitals
Book III: Of the different Progress of Opulence in different Nations
III.1. Of the Natural Progress of Opulence
III.2. Of the Discouragement of Agriculture in the Ancient State of Europe after the Fall of the Roman Empire
III.3. Of the Rise and Progress of Cities and Towns, after the Fall of the Roman Empire
III.4. How the Commerce of the Towns Contributed to the Improvement of the Country
Book IV: Of Systems of political Œconomy
IV. Introduction
IV.1. Of the Principle of the Commercial or Mercantile System
IV.2. Of Restraints upon the Importation from Foreign Countries of such Goods as can be Produced at Home
IV.3. Of the extraordinary Restraints upon the Importation of Goods of almost all Kinds, from those Countries with which the Balance is supposed to be Disadvantageous
Volume II
IV.4. Of Drawbacks
IV.5. Of Bounties
IV.6. Of Treaties of Commerce
IV.7. Of Colonies
IV.8. Conclusion of the Mercantile System
IV.9. Of the Agricultural Systems, or of those Systems of Political Œconomy, which Represent the Produce of Land, as either the Sole or the Principal, Source of the Revenue and Wealth of Every Country
Book V: Of the Revenue of the Sovereign or Commonwealth
V.1. Of the Expences of the Sovereign or Commonwealth
V.2. Of the Sources of the General or Public Revenue of the Society
V.3. Of Public Debts
Appendix
Footnotes (Book I, Ch. I-IX)
Footnotes (Book I, Ch. X-XI)
Footnotes (Books II-III)
Footnotes (Book IV)
Footnotes (Book V)
About the Book and Author